Home Problems Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture Research history Selected research history · publication v10
Birch and Swinnerton-Dyer conjecture Follow the ideas, results and limitations over time. This is a selected history, not a complete literature survey or a measure of how close the problem is to being solved.
Current state & remaining question → Viewing the timeline from pinned publication v10.
11 selected milestones · Source coverage checked 2026-10-10 · Historical annotation and mathematical review remain separate.
1922 publication
Foundation
Finite generation makes rank a precise invariant Mordell’s theorem describes rational points as a finite-rank free group plus finite torsion.
Scope & review: Finite generation does not determine the rank of each elliptic curve.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the publication, with the precision supported by the source.
1965 publication
Foundation
The published conjecture grows from computer experiments Birch–Swinnerton-Dyer’s Notes II records the rank and L-function prediction motivated by early computations.
Scope & review: This is a cited publication year. Agreement in finite data did not establish the general formula.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the publication, with the precision supported by the source.
1986 publication
Foundation
Heegner points and central derivatives The published Gross–Zagier formula provides the height/L-derivative connection later combined with Euler systems.
Scope & review: The current analytic-rank-≤1 synthesis also uses Kolyvagin and modularity; the 1986 paper alone is not that full synthesis.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the publication, with the precision supported by the source.
2001 publication
Special case proved
The low-analytic-rank theorem applies to all E/Q General modularity, published in 2001, completes the classical scope: analytic rank 0 or 1 gives rank equality and finite Sha for every E/Q.
Scope & review: This is a synthesis of earlier Gross–Zagier/Kolyvagin inputs with modularity, not a proof of every leading coefficient or higher-rank case.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the publication, with the precision supported by the source.
2011 publication
Special case proved
Computer-assisted full formulas in a finite corpus Miller’s published proof covers 16,714 of 16,725 enumerated analytic-rank-≤1 curves of conductor <5000.
Scope & review: The 11 excluded curve/prime pairs describe that paper’s boundary, not today’s list of unsolved cases.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the publication, with the precision supported by the source.
Dec 21, 2015 preprint
Special case proved
A rank-one p-part formula under precise hypotheses Jetchev–Skinner–Wan’s author preprint gives the p-part for semistable analytic-rank-one curves at good p ≥5 with irreducible E[p].
Scope & review: The theorem is prime-specific and hypothesis-specific; its later journal publication is a separate bibliographic event.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the preprint, with the precision supported by the source.
Feb 13, 2020 publication
Conditional result
A conditional algebraic-rank-one converse Skinner’s published theorem obtains analytic rank one from algebraic rank one, finite Sha and the stated semistable reduction pattern.
Scope & review: Finite Sha is assumed here; this converse cannot be used to prove its own premise.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the publication, with the precision supported by the source.
Sep 11, 2024 preprint
Special case proved
Supersingular p-parts and a conditioned full-formula family Burungale–Skinner–Tian–Wan v2 gives selected supersingular p-parts and full BSD for the explicitly constrained 46a1 twist family.
Scope & review: These are two different scopes. The selection omits p=3’s extra conditions and does not cover every quadratic twist.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the preprint, with the precision supported by the source.
Jun 4, 2026 preprint
Algorithmic advance
Effective enumeration of sufficient twist subfamilies Banwait–Huang v3 supplies finite algorithms for subfamilies satisfying cited BSD criteria and clarifies the base-curve restrictions.
Scope & review: The four-base list in the family result is not an unconditional full-BSD assertion for every listed curve; there is no enumeration of all BSD cases.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the preprint, with the precision supported by the source.
Oct 7, 2026 preprint
Proposal
Proposed half-densities for analytic ranks in twist families A separate provider manuscript proposes Goldfeld’s 0/1 half-densities for every E/Q in the signed squarefree ordering.
Scope & review: An asymptotic family statement allows exceptional twists; mean rank and full leading terms require additional results.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the preprint, with the precision supported by the source.
Oct 7, 2026 preprint
Proposal
OpenAI’s proposed full low-Selmer-corank formula The provider proposes the complete leading-term formula and finite Sha when a full q-power Selmer corank is 0 or 1.
Scope & review: The manuscript and its companion dependencies remain unassessed here. Mordell–Weil rank ≤1 is not the stated hypothesis.
Statements & sources Historical annotation review: pending. The date refers to the preprint, with the precision supported by the source.
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